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원문 제목: Bitcoin exposes the structural weaknesses that banks refuse to admit

Bitcoin exposes banks' hidden hierarchy of fragile IOUs, mirroring crypto's own risky layered claims on base assets.

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Opinion by: Emir J. Phillips, Associate Professor of Finance, Economics and Business Law at Lincoln University of Missouri.

Bitcoin is not just another volatile chart on a trading screen. It is a live, public stress test of how money actually works, and it is quietly exposing structural weaknesses that global banks would rather leave in the dark.

In the space of a few weeks, United States spotBitcoin ETFsswung from some of their worst outflow streaks to strong net inflows again, as institutions hurtled in and out of exposure with each new macro headline. At the same time, stablecoins processed more than $6 trillion in transaction volume in a single quarter.

Anyone willing to look can see it: Bitcoin has become an X-ray that reveals a much older disease.

It’s a financial system that’s built on layers of promises. The promises appear to be cash but behave very differently when things go wrong.

In traditional finance, the hierarchy is simple to describe and hard to see. At the base sits “high-powered money,” which are central bank reserves and short-term sovereign debt. Above that are bank deposits, money-market shares and other claims that feel like money but are legally just IOUs.

The Bank of England’s 2014 paper “Money creation in the Modern Economy” spelled this out clearly: most money in circulation is created by commercial banks issuing credit, and not by central banks printing notes. Yet depositors are still encouraged to believe that their claims are almost as good as base money itself.

Bitcoin makes that hierarchy visible in real time. Onchain Bitcoin is the base layer. Above it sit ETF shares, exchange balances and custodian accounts. Above those, again, sit perpetual futures (perps), options and synthetic exposures. A mempool viewer or onchain analytics dashboard shows how much Bitcoin is held at each layer, how concentrated the flows are and how quickly liquidity evaporates when sentiment flips.

The uncomfortable message is that crypto has enabled banks to rebuild their bad habits at a rapid pace. Most “Bitcoin exposure” today is not self-custodied coins. It is custodial IOUs and leveraged derivatives. Users think they own Bitcoin. In practice, they own claims on intermediaries that often lean on one another’s balance sheets.

This is not a quirk of Bitcoin. It is the same hierarchy-of-money problem that sits behind every major banking crisis.

Regulators already know that the danger lies in structure, not just size. They just rarely say it in plain language.

In December 2022, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision published its standard on the prudential treatment of banks’ cryptoasset exposures, placing unbacked crypto like Bitcoin in a conservative “Group 2” bucket and effectively capping banks’ holdings at about 2% of Tier 1 capital with punitive risk weights(BCBS cryptoasset standard). In 2024 and 2025, the Committee further tightened this framework, addingstricterconditions on what constitutes a truly liquid, well-backed stablecoin.

Related:Bitcoin ‘bullish’ in Q1 says Willy Woo.

These are not moral judgments about Bitcoin; they are regulators conceding — quietly but unmistakably — that upper-layer money is fragile by design. When banks or bank-adjacent platforms pile short-term, runnable promises on top of volatile or liquidity-sensitive collateral, the failure mode is not mysterious. In stress, everyone tries to descend the hierarchy at once, demanding conversion at par and on demand. At that point, the only question that matters is loss allocation — who absorbs the gap when “instantly redeemable” claims collide with thin market depth, widening haircuts, and settlement bottlenecks: the customer, the intermediary, or the public backstop. Bitcoin makes that distributional question visible onchain, in real time.

Every time a large exchange pauses withdrawals or a lending platform implodes, the pattern is the same: Upper-layer promises are written as if instant conversion were guaranteed, but the base layer is thin and slow.

When a shock hits, everyone tries to rush down the hierarchy at once, from perps to spot, from exchange balances to cold storage, from risky yield products back to dollars.

The same thing happens in fiat.

Insured and uninsured deposits sit on a thin sliver of equity. 'Cash-like' funds stay cash-like only as long as nobody runs. Sovereign bonds are treated as risk-free until a fiscal or inflation scare suddenly makes clear who is actually on the hook. Bitcoin’s volatility does not invalidate the comparison. It sharpens it.

Stablecoins are an even clearer mirror because they compress the same “money hierarchy” into a single product. They price and spend like dollars, and in day-to-day use they often behave like digital cash. But legally they are second-layer redemption claims on a reserve pool — typically Treasury bills, repo, and bank deposits — whose true liquidity is tested only when many holders try to exit at once. In calm markets, that structure feels invisible; in stress, it becomes decisive, because redemption at par depends on whether the reserve assets can be turned into cash immediately without haircuts, gates or settlement bottlenecks. That is why this shadow dollar layer is no longer a crypto sideshow: it is increasingly functioning as a parallel payment and settlement rail, competing with banks and card networks on speed, cost, and reach.

The hierarchy is not theoretical anymore. It is where people actually keep their money.

The lesson for banks is not that Bitcoin is pure and they are corrupt. The lesson is that a system built on misunderstood promises is a systemic risk, regardless of the logo that sits on top.

Banks can continue to treat Bitcoin as an alien threat, lobby for punitive treatment and squeeze fees from a hierarchy they no longer fully control. Or they can treat Bitcoin as a diagnostic tool and start redesigning their own promises with the same brutal clarity that the blockchain enforces.

That means telling customers, in plain language, whether a “deposit,” “yield product” or “tokenized claim” is spendable cash, a loan to the institution that can be locked in a crisis or a leveraged bet on market risk. It means spelling out in advance who stands first, second and last in line if that institution fails. It means making every slogan, banner and pop-up match that legal reality, rather than burying the hierarchy under soft-focus branding and fine print.

Bitcoin is not going to replace global banking. But it is already stripping away the comforting stories banks tell about themselves. The institutions that survive the next cycle will be the ones that accept the verdict of the X-ray.

If a business model depends on customers not understanding the layers of claims they are sitting on, the risk is not Bitcoin.

The risk is the bank itself.

Opinion by: Emir J. Phillips, Associate Professor of Finance, Economics and Business Law at Lincoln University of Missouri.

This opinion article presents the contributor’s expert view and it may not reflect the views of Cointelegraph. com. This content has undergone editorial review to ensure clarity and relevance, Cointelegraph remains committed to transparent reporting and upholding the highest standards of journalism. Readers are encouraged to conduct their own research before taking any actions related to the company.

This opinion article presents the contributor’s expert view and it may not reflect the views of Cointelegraph. com. This content has undergone editorial review to ensure clarity and relevance, Cointelegraph remains committed to transparent reporting and upholding the highest standards of journalism. Readers are encouraged to conduct their own research before taking any actions related to the company.